In language theory, what does "langue" refer to?

The term "langue" is a concept introduced by linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, where it refers to the abstract system of language that includes the rules, structures, and conventions governing communication within a linguistic community. This encompasses the underlying principles that allow speakers to understand and produce language, regardless of its actual instances of use.

In contrast to this concept, "parole" refers to the concrete instances of language use, such as the specific words spoken or written in various social interactions. Thus, while "langue" represents the system and framework that makes language possible, it is distinct from the specific ways in which language is employed in everyday conversation or within particular cultural contexts. This fundamental distinction highlights the importance of understanding both the abstract and practical aspects of language.